Umayyad Caliphate (41-132 AH / 662-750 AD) is the second succession in the history of Islam, and the largest in the history of Islam. The sons of the ruling was the first Muslim families illiteracy, it ruled from the year 41 AH (662 m) to 132 AH (750 AD), and was the capital of the state in the city of Damascus. Umayyad dynasty reached the peak amplitude during the reign of Caliph tenth Hisham bin Abdul Malik, as it extended its borders from the parties to China in the east to the south of France to the west, and was able to open Africa, Morocco, Andalusia and the south of Gaul and Sindh and beyond the river.
Umayyads in their lineage due to illiteracy bin Abd Shams tribe of Quraish. And he had an important role in the era of ignorance and during the Islamic period. Aslam Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan in the era of Prophet Mohammed, and founded the Umayyad dynasty on his hand, and he once ruler of Sham during the reign of Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, then broke a dispute between him and Ali ibn Abi Talib after the Siege of Uthman, even cede his son Hassan succession to Sid after the death of his father, state Vtosst so. Sid took the Byzantines for some semblance of governance and administration as making the hereditary succession when the reign to his son over the mandate of the Covenant, and took the throne and surrounded himself with guards and splendor King, and built him a special compartment in the mosque, also established the Office of the ring and the mail system. After the death of more than disrupted things, demanded Ibn al-Zubayr succession, then managed Abdul Malik bin Marwan I of the defeated and killed him in his 73 years of Mecca, landed state again.
Greater conquests took place during the reign of the Umayyad Walid bin Abdul Malik, Morocco completed the dialogue open, and opened up the whole of Andalusia, and opened the Sindh led by Muhammad bin Qasim and Transoxiana led Qutaiba ibn Muslim. His successor, Suleiman bin Abdul Malik, who died on the battlefield during his siege of Constantinople, then Zahid Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz, who is one of the best biography of the Umayyad caliphs. And his successor, after his cousin over, then Hisham, who opened his reign in the south of France, and his reign was long and many stability. After his death the country has entered into a state of extreme turmoil, even Marwan II dominated the succession, he took moving between regions and suppress the revolutions and upheavals, and then met with the Abbasids in the Battle of the Zab defeated and killed, and the end of the Umayyad dynasty.
Witnessed the reign of the Umayyad dynasty, revolutions and many did test, and was Mnfzu most of these revolutions either Khawarij or Shiites. The most prominent of those revolutions Hussein Bin Ali revolt against Yazid, when a student succession, where she met with him Umayyad armies in the Battle of Karbala, which ended with his death. And then the many Shiite revolts to avenge him, including those who repent revolution and the revolution in the chosen Althagafi, then Hdooa irrepressible after more than half a century until Zaid bin Ali revolution. The Kharijites rebelled again and again, but did not calm down for nearly twenty years between the middle of the reign of King Abdullah and the beginning of the era increases. It was for months the governors of the Umayyad Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf significant role in the suppression of these revolutions and comfort her during the late first century, especially as he had to and from Iraq and the Levant, which was - and especially the city of Kufa - the worst enemies of Umayyad rule, while the Levant is an ally of the Umayyads and their capital. Of the fiercest revolutions that developed on the Umayyad dynasty also revolutions Abdullah bin Zubair and Abdul Rahman bin Shaggy.
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